A.C Bradley’s Definition of Tragic Hero Essay

A famous Shakespearean scholar, Andrew Cecil Bradley, who was born in England, in 1851, wrote a book called The Shakespearean Tragedy (1904). This book is recognized as a classic Shakespearean criticism, which presents a psychological analysis of Shakespeare’s characters. The Article, The Shakespearean Tragic Hero (p.687-691) explains Bradley’s definition of tragedy and tragic hero. According to Bradley, the tragic hero must be of a person of high degree or of public importance with exceptional nature, which raises person, in some respect much above the average level of humanity. This trait will acts as double-edged sword as it is his greatness but also his fatality. The fatal trait, joining with hero’s tragic flaw or flawed act, brings catastrophe; that is, his downfall and ultimately his death. The tragic hero must be good or admirable, or at least recognized by person’s high degree or greatness; so we may be vividly conscious of the possibilities of human nature. Tragedy builds, as hero endures calamity and faces fate. The hero’s fate is determined by the existence of moral order. Therefore, to restore the mortal order in a tragic world, one must go through struggle between good and evil. According to Bradley, the tragic hero with Shakespeare is generally good and therefore at once wins sympathy in his error; but the hero’s imperfection or defects are considered evil and they contribute to the conflict and catastrophe. When the evil in him masters the good and has its way, it destroys other people and ultimately destroys him. The pity and fear, which are stirred by the tragic story, unites with profound sense of sadness and mystery gives impression of waste, and this impression of waste makes us realize the worth of that is wasted. Thus, Bradley ends with the conclusion, that the inexplicable fact or appearance of a world travailing for perfection, which brings birth to glorious goods and evil that is only able to overcome only by self-torture and self-waste is tragedy. Work Cite Bradley, Andrew Cecil, et al. Viewpoints 12. Toronto, ON: Prentice Hall, 2002, Print

Mat English Essay on George Sand Essay

Sand’s Marianne: The Development of Characters and the Inevitable Outcome In George Sand’s Marianne, Sand uses her development of the three primary characters to bring together two unlikely soul mates, and at the same time separate the two most likely paired of the three figures. Her primary characters, Marianne, Pierre, and Philippe, and their make-up play an intricate role in the story. More than just playing a key role though, their make-up leads the story in a direction that is propelled by the unique personalities each hold. The drive that each strong personality contributes to Sand’s Marianne, and their unique temperaments, brings the reader into a different sort of love story as opposed to what would be expected of a typical love story. Sand, with her characters, leads the story to a place where however unlikely it winds up, it couldn’t possibly have ended any other way than it does. The character of Pierre is one of a deep emotional type. Pierre li ved his life with blinders on. He saw only what he wanted to see forward in his future, living for his moment. When he has to return home, and hasn’t reached his life goals and fulfilled his dreams, he devalues himself and lives with regrets that blind him to what is right in front of him. He cannot see what happiness can be obtained because he has put too much emphasis on his failures and his place in the world, as well as his age at the time of the story. Philippe’s character is almost the polar opposite to Pierre’s. Where Pierre was driven, and one minded in his plan for his future, Philippe is driven by his passion for painting. He doesn’t care for financial gain, other than what he would need to get his father from pressuring him and what would allow him to keep creating. He is almost in love with himself, and has nothing but confidence in himself, and his abilities to succeed. Where Pierre is self-oppressing, hard on himself, Philippe holds the utmost supreme confidence in himself and his abilities to obtain what he wants. Marianne, a study in independence, yet showing the desire to better educated and to be loved by the man she sees as her true love, is an enigma in a sense. Assuming that Marianne herself represents what Sand probably saw what she wanted for herself in that time of her life  (This story was written in the final years of George Sand), her character being strong, intelligent (even if not formerly educated), and passionate. Yet as strong and independent as she is portrayed, she still wants the dream of love and to be able to share that with a man who can truly love and appreciate her. She plays along with the story as it goes, but the reader is always assured that she never truly falls into the trap of the young suitor, Philippe, and his plan for her wealth and financial support. The type of character strength found in Marianne is not typical of the type of woman that probably lived in the time that the story took place, but the make-up of Marianne is paramount for how the characters of both her and Pierre come together, and how she and Philippe disperse as the story unfolds. Pierre and Philippe, described briefly as polar opposites, both offer a glimpse into the only two types of men there are for a Marianne. They seem to be in competition from the onset, yet truly there never really was a competition for Marianne’s character, or at least it never really seemed to be one. The two characters existed not for competition, but to display what is good and emotional (Pierre and his love, and longing to be able to express it) and what is brash, over confident and wholly not with best of intentions (Philippe needing Marianne for her financial state so that he may continue painting, and not truly for her love which he has no doubt that he will obtain) for Marianne. Marianne and Pierre at first glance are not what the reader sees as being right. There is the age difference, and the way that Marianne seems so independent and successful, and Pierre seems so doubtful of the two’s pairing, and defeated in his own personal quest of life’s success. Pierre never is able throughout the story to just rise to the occasion and tell Marianne what he truly is feeling, and even though she knows what he feels, she is needing him to overcome that obstacle and be that man for her. Her character uses the character of Philippe to bring Pierre’s character to the place where he is not only ready, but bursting to finally share what his true feelings for her are. She does this from a position where it seems all along she knows how this will play out, and at the same time you don’t get the feeling that she is completely assured of how it will transpire in the end. Sand tries to make her three characters represent varying degrees of  consciousness and to pair them according to their similarities along this spectrum. Philippe represents brain consciousness (â€Å"You see too much!† is Marianne’s accusation of him). Pierre represents strong sensation and feeling, combined with the scientific habits of botany. Marianne represents the desire to live in the senses, tempered by an ambition to be self-educated. How well does Sand’s scheme of sensibility (18th century term for temperament) motivate the love relationship between Marianne and Pierre, and conversely, the failure of affinity between Marianne and Philippe?

Gettysburg film, 1993 Essay

The movie Gettysburg is a film that details the Battle of Gettysburg, which took place from July 1-3 in 1863. The battle culminated in a major victory for the Union, while confederate troops in a way viewed the conflict as a last chance fight to take control in the Civil War. The film begins by showing the preparations for battle on Jun 30 of 1863, and then it goes on to demonstrate the competency of officials who decide on strategy, and then the outcomes of their battle plans. At the end of the movie, Pickett’s charge is detailed, and it was perhaps one of the most significant Confederate defeats of the Civil War. The movie did an excellent job explaining what happened in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania during the time of the battle. It was not dramatized beyond its portrayal of what actually happened, and it is historically accurate in covering one of the most important battles of the Civil War. The film was directed by Ronald F. Maxwell, who followed the plot outlined in Michael Sharaa’s 1974 novel about the battle, entitled The Killer Angels. The film does not attempt to cover everything that was going on in the battle, but it selects the main activities of each day, and shows the officials making key decisions. The first part of the movie, which corresponds to the beginning of the battle, and the first day of fighting, depicts the Union officer John Buford (played by Sam Elliott) who picked the battlefield. The second story detailed was that of Joshua Chamberlain (played by Jeff Daniels), who defends Little Round Top from the confederate troops. Then Pickett’s Charge, where the Confederacy, ordered to do so by General Robert E. Lee (Martin Sheen) famously charged Major George Meade’s (Richard Anderson) Union troops, and this scene details the struggles of the Confederate General Lewis Armistead (Richard Jordan). The movie was made to give people an accurate overview of one of the most important battles in the Civil War, and in the history of the United States. Because the battle lasted only three days, the movie did not have too much trouble outlining the main events. It serves not only to entertain, but to educate people about the Battle of Gettysburg. Unlike many of Hollywood’s attempts to retell historical moments of note, this movie was not full of romance and historically inaccurate, but dramatic, side-stories; it was accurate and because of the importance of its subject, it did not need to be spiced up to be recognized as a good film. The film was historically accurate. The only thing to say about a discrepancy between the film and the actual battle is that the film did not show as much about other things going on when it was focused on a particular story. For instance, not much was shown about what was going on in Confederate camps as the Union troops were preparing for war in the first couple of scenes. The extras used in battle scenes are accurately dressed in the right style of uniform, and the plotline of the movie doe not include anything that was absent from the actual battle. â€Å"The directors of the movie hired history professors and Civil War enthusiasts to advise them, to make sure they were accurate throughout the whole of the film. Historical accuracy was of great concern to the producers and director,† James Beradinelli of ReelReviews writes. â€Å"They hired a veritable army of advisors to correct even the most minute mistakes in the script (if a general given a pale horse in the movie was known to have favored a dark horse, the mount was changed), used the actual sites in Pennsylvania as often as possible (where hiding war monuments became an art), and â€Å"recruited† more than 5000 unpaid re-enactors to fill up the screen during the battle scenes (thus helping to keep the budget at a reasonable $20 million). The result is a movie that looks and feels real. † The director and producers wanted to capture the actions that occurred in the battle itself in their movie. They emphasized situation’s of valiance, such as (most notably) Pickett’s Charge, where 50,000 troops were killed and wounded, and General Lee’s motivational speech to the troops before they went to battle. The directors wanted to make sure that the people understood even the smallest details of the battle, so they showed the scenes where officials decided on battle tactics, including the scene where General Lee ignores Lt. General Longstreet’s (Tom Berenger) strategy and accepts Pickett’s (Stephen Lang), who was selected to lead the troops, leading many confederate soldiers to their death as they pressed on to Union General George Meade’s troops. There was no noticeable bias in the movie. It was intended to by a historically accurate overview of the Battle of Gettysburg, and that is what it was. Even without the addition of dramatic Hollywood moments, the film includes dramatic scenes that were present in the battle, such as Lee’s speech to his troops before Pickett’s charge, directed to his fellow Virginians. The movie was a great overview of the Battle of Gettysburg, including some of the battle’s smaller details. But it managed to keep the eye of its viewers despite being four hours and fourteen minutes long. The film was gripping, but accurate, and without noticeable biases or added dramatic, Hollywood situations. Works Cited Boatner, Mark M. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: Vintage Books, 1991 History in Film. 1999. Gettysburg. 19 April 2009. http://www. historyinfilm. com/gettysbg/default. htm Internet Movie Database. 1993. Gettysburg. 19 April 2009. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0107007/ Nesbitt, Mark. 35 Days to Gettysburg- The Campaign Diaries of Two American Enemies. Harrisburg, Stackpole Books, 1992. Oates, William C. and Haskell, Frank A. Gettysburg. New York Bantam, 1992. Ron Maxwell. com. 1993 Gettysburg, a Film by Ronald Maxwell. 18 April 2009. http://www. ronmaxwell. com/gettysburg. html Sauers, Richard A. The Gettysburg Campaign- June 3- August 1, 1863. Westport: Greenwood Press,1982.

Influences on the Declaration of Independence Research Paper

Influences on the Declaration of Independence - Research Paper Example Jefferson listed a number of grievances against King George III, implying that these could have been supposed, or actual circumstances regarded reliable means for complaint. The appointment of Jefferson into the drafting of the Declaration of Independence forms a strategic approach. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson’s friend, strived to have Thomas Jefferson appointed to the special team of the man-committee set to draft the declaration. The committee discussed the general outline of the declaration after which Thomas Jefferson was recommended to draft the declaration. Jefferson’s appointment took place in June 1776. Thomas Jefferson portrayed unique character traits which earned him credit in the sight other writers like John Adams. He is described to have had profound ideas and eloquent language. These features contributed to Jefferson’s selection as the preferred Declaration of Independence draftsman. Above the talent of Jefferson in writing, he had a successful history in writing. Some of the prior works included the Virginia Declaration of Rights. It was clear that the ideology regarding the independence was not appreciated by every colonist. While many held that British violated the basic rights, the witnessed violation did not add up to warrant a rebellion. Contention Congress did not take longer than one year to consider independence. It was after this consideration span that the first shots got fired at Concord and Lexington. â€Å"Magna Carta and Its America Legacy.† National Archives & Records Administration. Washington DC. 700 Pennsylvania Avenue N W. Retrieved on 14th October 2011 from . Liberty: â€Å"THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, CLASSROOM MATERIALS.† The Declaration of Independence An Analytical View. Retrieved on 13th October 2011 from . â€Å"The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of

European Union Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

European Union Law Master - Case Study Example The qualification or condition is therefore null and void. It is universally basic in the construction and interpretation of laws that what is not excluded must be included, especially in the present case where the issue is that which pertains to labor benefits. Even presuming for the sake of argument that there is that qualification requiring gross negligence to be present on the part of the employer, both Ruth and David are still entitled to the compensation because the choice, installation or utilization of the harvesters is a matter being decided and acted upon by the employer and any error in the judgment of the latter concerning the said choice, installation and/or utilization of the harvesting machine is attributable as one of gross negligence. Consequently, when Ruth and David sustained injuries resultant of the use of the harvester, it has to be interpreted that the causal origin was the gross negligence of the employers. It was incumbent upon the latter to see to it that any machine to be used or is In view of all the foregoing, it is evidently clear that Ruth and David are entitled to separation or termination benefits as provided for in the afore-cited Directive 999/98 without any condition or qualification. Accordingly, they have to be paid by their respective employers of the mandated compensation upon permanent disability which was caused by the harvester. The guidelines set forth in the European Union Treaty It is no overstatement to say that the rights of laborers are among the leading concerns underpinned in the provisions of the European Union Treaty. Labor right is a human right. As a matter of fact, it may be considered the paramount of all rights. As embodied in Article 136 (ex Article 117) of the consolidated version of the European Union Treaty, the rights of laborers have been delineated with special attention. These include such privileges as embraced in the general objectives that will promote employment and augment the conditions of workers for their living and working circumstances. The approved declaration of the union has also outlined the appropriate social protection of the laborers. Necessarily, the latter stipulation includes severance or post-employment needs such as pension and retirement benefits and compensations. (CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Dilogo social y formacin professional. Organizacion Internacional del Trabajo. [internet]). At this juncture, it is equally significant to note that Article 137 of the afore-mentioned consolidated version of the treaty further expresses that the community of nations complements and supports the activities of all member states in the fields of labor rights and privileges including those that will improve the working environment in order to protect the health and safety of the workers. Along that line, if the issue of compensation due to permanent disability is removed from the case at bar, the employers of both Ruth and David are yet nevertheless fundamentally under legal obligation to protect their safety from the dangers and hazards

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Auditing - Essay Example The Cheaphol plc is a tour operator, who had been performing its business excellently until a fire at a foreign hotel killed their ten guests on 28th May, 2010. The Winters & Co audited the firm during May 2010 and auditor’s unqualified report was signed on 5th June 2010. The submitted report was clean audit report which did not contain any references to the financial difficulties. The ISA has framed certain duties and responsibilities for auditors. According to Sharma, the most important duty of an auditor is that he/she should do his/her work with â€Å"due diligence, intelligence and dedication† (Sharma, 165). In the case of Winters & Co. they could complete their audit work successfully by disclosing all material facts till the date of audit report. It is necessary to note that the disaster occurred on 28th May 2010 and Winters & Co. signed the unqualified report on 5th June 2010. It clearly reflects that there was only a time gap of six days in between occurrence of the disaster and report submission. Similarly, it must also remember that the company did not release any report out of the press until they were questioned by officials. The case study precisely points out that this news leakage and subsequent holiday cancellations led the company to huge financial crises. Therefore, it is identified that Cheaphol’s financial position was safe t ill the date of audit report submission. In other words, Cheaphol’s financial crises began after the course of audit work of Winters & Co. Although some of the audit staff came to hear the catastrophes regarding the company, they could not corroborate the matter. In addition, the audit team had no sufficient time for conducting a detailed investigation regarding the newly acquired information since they were needed to submit the audit report immediately in order to assist the Cheaphol plc to make negotiations with Alltan’s bankers. It is one of the primary responsibilities of the

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example This paper will talk about the conditions that led to the provision of the Compromise of 1850. The paper will also talk about the issues that this compromise left unsettled. By 1850, there were just 14% of slaves present in the entire populace of the United States (Baxamusa 1). Slavery and the slave trade became nearly absent in the northern states. However, there were roughly 51% slaves still present in Mississippi and 58% in South Carolina. Mid September of 1850, the United States Congress, took a number of measures to resolve the issues concerning slavery and forestall Secession. The country, therefore, created the Compromise of 1850. Missouri developed into a state in 1818 (Baxamusa 1). However, the settlers wanted the region to continue being a slave state. The political leaders of the north states, in contrast, did not fancy a slave state. Maine, during the same year, also wanted to be acknowledged as a state under the Union. Thus, in 1820, an accord referred to as the Missouri Compromise was reached, which permitted Missouri to continue being a slave state. Maine, nevertheless, was a slave-free state. This brought about division in the country splitting the nation into two (Baxamusa 1). The southerners, after the Missouri Compromise, carried out all their affairs alone leaving out the northerners. The northerners, however, wanted to unite every state in the United States. After three decades of the Missouri Compromise, California requested to be included in the Union ruling out slavery. However, the Missouri Compromise also split California into two. This dilemma became even more complex owing to the unsettled question of slavery's expansion into other regions, which were offered by Mexico in 1848. Political leaders of the north could not settle on whether or not they should allow California enter as a free state (Baxamusa 1). However, a United States Senator, Henry Clay, from Kentucky was determined to get a resolution to the crisis. Clay, at the age of 70, presented a negotiation on 29th January, 1850. This conciliation consisted of five bills, which would help resolve the nervousness between the free states of the North slave and the states from the South. Texas’ debt to Mexico was one of the leading circumstances, which lead to the 1850 Compromise (Baxamusa 1). The compromise confirmed that Texas would give up the land in dispute. As a way of compensation, Texas would be offered $10 million, which could be used to settle its debt to Mexico. Territorial disputes between New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah were also vital circumstances that led to the creation of the 1850 Compromise. The country wanted to organize the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah without incorporating slavery in the matter. The United States congress wanted to find a way through which the inhabitants of these areas would decide upon slave trade and slavery when they wanted to be accepted as states (Baxamusa 1). Slavery in the Distri ct of Columbia was also a crucial matter that led to the formation of this compromise. Northern congressmen previously wanted the slave activity in the District of Columbia to be abolished, but slavery was still allowed. California also wanted to be incorporated as a free state to the United States.

The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Research Paper

The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse - Research Paper Example The National Center for Victims of Crime state that sexual abuse can include speaking sexual dialogue to a child, touching their genitals in any way, watching a child when they are naked (voyeurism), rape, including oral or other types of rape, and forcing a child to do sexual acts for performance in pornography or prostitution.This broad definition of sexual abuse gives a better understanding of how children are often exploited without anyone knowing.There is no specific type of person who becomes a child abuser. They can be men and women (though women do not abuse children as often as men), they can be any age, and usually, the perpetrator is in a position of trust (The National Center for Victims of Crime). Some children are victims of incest, which means that someone in their family is either related by blood or the two people have an emotional connection (The National Center for Victims of Crime). Crime statistics show that about 14% of men, who currently are in prison, are chil d sexual abuses. In addition, about 36% of women were abused as children. Child Help also states that 59% of children who have been sexually abused were more likely to be arrested when they are a teenager, 28% more apt to be arrested when they are adults, and they are 30% more likely to commit a violent crime. Children are also more likely to have a sexually transmitted disease as they grow older, and if they have parents who are also alcoholics, they may be more prone to being abused than if the parents do not use alcohol or drugs.

Employee relations and engagement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Employee relations and engagement - Assignment Example The company has incorporated and added new forms of amusement in order to attract the new generation of visitors to the park. The company is seen to employ about 250 people and amongst them 200 are members of the union and have collective bargaining rights. The company management and the union sit down for negotiations each year and decide on the demand that they approve upon from both sides of the table. The following page discusses the negotiation process between the management and employee of the organization on different lines and issues. The objective of with which we went into the management in this negotiation is to ensure that the demands of the employees in the form of increase in salary should not be accepted. We found that the union will place a demand for increase in the no. of holidays. This cannot be allowed. On the part of the demands to be placed by our part as management, we would like to place the condition of retrenchment of some of the employees. We would also place the point that we will indulge in the career development or the skill training of the employees of the organization (Mehta, 2009). We think it to be necessary on our side to negotiate and try to establish the above points as because our company has been finding it difficult to make profit since the last six years. An amusement park has opened in the 10 mile radius of our company in the past 6 years and has taken a share of the market and the visitors. This has resulted in the fact that our company has been able to just breakeven in the las t 4 years and made a loss for the first time in the last year. Due to the increased competition and loss of market share it has become necessary for our company to introduce new entertainment machinery which is called the wow factor. To maintain the market share and profitability it is required that our company should invest in new technology, games and training facilities for the

Rome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rome - Assignment Example Along the road, there are both aristocratic tombs and the more common and simple tombs. One of the aristocratic tombs along the road is for Cecilia Metella who was a roman consul’s daughter. Lastly, the Via Appia had economic importance. It was used by roman merchants who wanted to access the south eastern seaports of Italy. Ostia sits on river Tiber’s mouth. It is at this port where ships from the Mediterranean docked. Subsequently, they unloaded cargo into barges which was then transported upriver to Rome. Therefore, the city of Ostia was significant to Rome since it had vital shipping interests. Many items and goods entered Rome via the port of Ostia such as wine, oil, olive and food. As such, the port was quite important for Rome. Monte Testaccio stands as a detritus mountain in a city characterized by storied hills. The romans used Monte Testaccio as a rubbish dump. All amphorae originating from the Roman Empire’s provinces were dumped in monte testaccio. During the roman era, amphorae were the primary container used for the storage and transportation of goods. Due to their re usability and low cost, these containers were produced en masse, although most of them ended up at the dump site. Most of the containers (amphorae) discarded at Monte Testaccio were used to carry olive oil. Continuous dumping of these containers led to the creation of Monte Testaccio. Imperial dye was made from a specific type of sea snails found in the Mediterranean Sea. The romans would extract the hypobranchial gland from the snails and salt added to the resulting juice. Next, the liquid was boiled down to form imperial dye. The marble map of Rome was drawn between 203 to 211 CE. It covered a whole wall inside Rome‘s Pacis Templum. The map illustrated or showed the ground plan of each and every architectural structure in the old city. Thus, the marble map featured structures ranging from the vast public

Prince Sport Essay Example for Free

Prince Sport Essay This is a case study of how Print sports expand their growth in the market of 21st century, and the elements that go with or go against them in the market. Moreover, we will discuss with the marketing activities and strategies that are favorable to Prince Sports in expanding their distributions of Tennis products. As we know 21st century is a time where people are more conscious against their health, individuals who are moderate and wealthy enough tend to venture into sports to get better in shape and be healthy whether it is physically or mentally. With this issue  being focus on, trends in the environmental forces that work for and work against the achievements for Prince Sports Activities and the tennis industry are illustrations such as, public causes of the environment include market features and the lifestyle of the community. The social force works for Prince Sport due to the fact of the improved attention and popularity of tennis, and with a little bit help of the health conscious that are growing bigger in the society. Individuals are participating and watching professional tennis tournaments and this is resulting in more playing the game. If attention decreases  in time then this can and will continue to work against the achievements for Prince Sports Activities in their distribution and market activities. Prince Sports is also investing their funds in creating models of racquets that fits all sort of tennis player; there are certain designs of it that professional players and junior players can choose from to customize their playing styles. However, as an economic factor, this might go against Prince Sport base on the price of each racquet model. Individuals would rather buy a similar product with a cheaper value if prince sport does have a good marketing plan in explaining the  innovative technology of that product clearly to the public. (Kerin Hartley, 2013) There are no limits in producing a good marketing activity for Prince Sport to promote tennis playing in United States. Social media is the first great option for Prince Sport to start with, majority of the individuals rely heavily on social media to obtain their daily dosage of information in the twenty first century. Moreover, online blogging and internet base news magazine can be a great tool, pop up advertisement on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and web blogging can help to raise interest in tennis playing. It would  be unwise to not use this as an advantage to promote tennis playing. Print media such as newspaper, magazine, and printed advertisement are good option to begin with. By spreading out the benefits of tennis such as health conscious and personality building, it will definitely attract individual to gain interest in tennis playing over a certain time. (Crespo Reid, 2009) To reach out for recreational and junior player in the field tennis, Prince Sport should focus their planning on organizing Amateur or Junior league tournaments frequently throughout the years. With a more affordable entree fee and convenient application such  as register via online or smart phone, it will attract players from these two categories to join in for the tournament. With this method, it allows Prince Sport to study and differentiate what are their needs during the game from size of racquets to the more detail such as the material of the racquets handle for certain type of players. (Crespo Reid, 2009) Prince has a different way in increasing their sales in major outlets such as Walmart and Target, and for specialty tennis shop or branded sports outlet such as Nike. Prince often makes a clear layout for major outlets from designing the tennis sport section to  having a printed advertisement hanging along the corridor. They would draw a layout on how to separate different section for their sports equipment, and for each section they have different in store signage, brochure, and also free merchandise for consumers who purchase reaches a certain limit. Whereas for smaller outlets or branded sports outlet such as Nike, they would put a professional standees which is a life size picture of certain professional tennis player, this would increase the interest of consumer on purchasing the item that is being promoted by that tennis player. (Kerin Hartley, 2013). There are a few of criteria for Prince to look on before venturing into the global market of tennis outside of United States. First of all, the market size of the country, whether it is mature enough for the public to gain interest in tennis sport, or it is still a fairly new idea to them. Second, expected growth of the market, does it have any potential in increasing distribution in the future or it has no value to be investing on. Third, the competitive position, does that country have more than enough industry in providing tennis equipment, and how can Prince fit into the market without suffering loss  from competitive price battle. (Kerin Hartley, 2013) Country that met these criteria is Russia, China, and Australia. These are major country that have produce tons of tennis player since last decade. Majority of the player have won major leagues title and now hold a place in the world ranking series. From the statement here, we understand that the tennis industry is already a big deal in the above country, and from the reputation gain by those players, it will spread out to the society in a great speed. They possess a great potential to be invested in for tennis market, and Prince should focus on producing new  models of racquets with far better quality from what is currently being distribute in the current market. (Marshall, 2011) References Crespo, M. , Reid, M. (2009). Marketing of tennis. ITF Coaching. Retrieved from http://en. coaching. itftennis. com/media/113964/113964. pdf Kerin, R. , Hartley, W. (2013). Marketing(11thed. ). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Marshall. (2011). Tennis global evolution is bringing the sport to new markets: An analysis. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport. com/articles/594875-the-global-evolution-of-tennis-is-bringi ng-the-sport-to-new-markets-an-analysis.

Traveling Around the World Essay Example for Free

Traveling Around the World Essay I am a great traveler known to the open world. I traveled through China, I traveled through Russia, and I traveled everywhere you can ever imagine. But my story starts in Jakarta. I didn’t like traveling but I was challenged by my friend, Benny, to discover new things in this whole world, to do things that no one has ever done, and he said he would give me a surprise if I did it, so I took the challenge. I was confused where to start, but I kept on thinking. I texted my friend where to start and he told me just to follow the Earth. I kept on wondering what that meant, until I saw the map of the Earth. I will start from Australia to Los Angeles and back to Jakarta and I will think about the transportation I will use. I will start next week. I arrived in the airport to go to Brisbane, Australia. During the flight, I met a girl who loved traveling and she said she’s ready for the challenge, her name was Jessie and she was beautiful. When we arrived in Brisbane the first thing we did was to take a taxi and stayed in a hotel called the Golden Palace. We rented a car and traveled the whole Brisbane. My favorite part is when we went to the Warner Bros Studio because we played everything there and Jessie became my girlfriend. The next day we checked out and took off to go to Beijing. Benny transferred $60,000 to my account to help me continue the great travel. When we arrived in China, we went to a national park and rode a bike around it. The view was amazing but we had to leave. Before we checked in we bought cheap cameras in a black market store. We stayed in the Grand Hyatt hotel and we got the suite room, it was huge and luxurious. The next day we checked out and went to the Great Wall of China. We had no time to walk just a quarter of the whole Great Wall but Jessie bought some amazing clothes and I saw beautiful view everywhere around it. We rode a bus to the airport and left China for Russia. Something happened during the flight. A woman was crying for help because she was in labor. She was suppose to let the baby out in Russia but it was too late so the baby was born in the airplane and I will never forget that moment in my life. In Moscow, the first we did was to wear our thick winter coats and jackets. Now Everyday in Moscow is so cold. We went to our hotel called the Hilton. We got the luxurious suite and there was a hot tub, it felt like heaven. Jessie was sick and she couldn’t go to the Russian Orthodox Church with me. I went there alone with a train. I arrived there and took beautiful pictures. Inside it was very expensive materials. I went back to Hilton and the next day I took off to go to England. We will go everywhere around Europe in 3 weeks. When we arrived in London I met an old friend called Jonny who lived in London. He guided me in London and we had our own adventure there. First we put our stuff in Jonny’s house and we went to London’s Eye. We saw great view from that great Ferris wheel. After that we stopped in Big Ben and bought some merchandise. We went back to Jonny’s house rest for a while and walked to Madam Tussaud. The next day we went to Liverpool with a train and bought Liverpool F.C merchandise went on the Beatles’ Magical Mystery Tour, it was great to see legends. After that we went to Manchester with train to watch a soccer match. It was Manchester united VS Sunderland and united won 5-1. We went home to Jonny’s house and the next day we took a bus and a ferry to Paris. Using a bus and a ferry to Paris from London is cheap but takes a long time. We stayed in a small hotel called the Calios. We saw everything and went everywhere just in one day. My Favorite part of Paris is when we ate in a restaurant near the Eifel Tower and we kissed and there were fireworks everywhere, which was a really beautiful moment that I will remember Jessie for. We left Paris and continued our travel to Rome. In Rome, the only special thing was the Coliseum. We bought some stuff and went to Milan. Jessie Was an A.C Milan fan so we watched a match between A.C Milan VS Inter Milan and the score was 2-2. Everything in Milan has good quality so we bought clothing. After Italy, my favorite part of Europe begins in Greece. In Athens we rented a jeep, Checked in a small hotel, traveled everywhere and discovered the night life in Athens. The next morning we checked out and went to Acropolis. I was so tired in Acropolis and we went to an island there called Spetses. Spetses was my favorite island in Greece because the beach was awesome and Jessie and I had a lot of fun there. We did a lot of water sports and just chilled there. We went to 3 other islands called Hydra, Poros, and Aegina. After we left Greece we traveled around Europe. We went off Turkey, Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Scandinavia, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, until Portugal. I was very tired and rested in Portugal for 3 days. I’m also getting ready for the United States Trip. 3 days has passed and we are heading to U.S.A. We started off in Washington and used taxi to travel around New York. We took over a month in the U.S. In New York we watched an NBA match between the New York Knicks and the Orlando Magic and Knicks won. We went shopping in the whole New York and we stayed in Ritz Carlton. After New York we head to Florida. Florida was the most fun place in the trip around the world.In Orlando we went to Disney World and it was the best fun place ever. I played a lot of stuff. There were also theme parks in Orlando with crazy Roller coasters. The next day we went to Miami and watched another NBA match between the Miami Heat and The Boston Celtics which the Miami Heat won. After Florida, it’s Texas. We did a bit in Texas. We only did Horseback riding in there. But a restaurant in there has really good steak. I like the view in Texas because it’s really quite. Texas is over and Arizona is next. In Arizona we went to Grand Canyon and we did a lot of activities and in there we made a lot of new friends including 3 Indonesians who were traveling and wanted to go home so they went with us. They are 1 girl and 2 boys and their names are Jessica, Giri, and Armand. They followed us to California and we stayed in L.A for 1 week. We traveled around L.A and went to Hollywood. We met a lot of celebrities and got their autographs. Everyone told me that if you want to travel around the world the last place you want to see and stay is the sin city Las Vegas, so the 5 of us went there by bus. My friend, Benny, transferred me another $350,000 to my account to survive In Vegas. We stayed in the best hotel in Vegas called The Bellagio and we stayed in the Luxurious suite. I gambled and I won a lot of money but Armand and Giri lost a lot of money. Jessie and Jessica just went shopping and they went to the spa. 5 days has passed and I have travelled around the world, all I need to do is just c ome home safely. We left Vegas and went to London with British Airways. Rested 1 day in London and went to Singapore with Singapore Airlines. In Singapore I bought some stuff for my family and friends. I decided to go home with Benny’s private yacht and went home safely to Jakarta. I went home and my friends and family are waiting with a huge sign saying â€Å"Congratulations† and everyone cheered. A few months later I decided to Marry Jessie and the wedding theme was around the world.

Planning Theory in City Development

Planning Theory in City Development Abstract This paper examines the theories of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process. It compares these three influences of planning specifically to town planning. Furthermore, the importance of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process will be highlighted in the examination of a case study of the ADA Light Rail Planning Project. Conclusions will be made as to the role these theories, in combination with politics, play in city planning. Introduction Theory is a foundational part of knowledge because it describes how a particular field has been established and has evolved over time. Theory has been defined as a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena (Wordnet, 2009). Based on this and other definitions, theory can be seen as a big umbrella that includes concepts, propositions, causes, explanations, definitions, and values. Theories have been presented in regards to planning. These theories have been offered for planners to use as references. They provide guidelines for ways in which to go about planning and are used by many planners including town planners. Each planner holds a different view on the planning theories which have already been presented, and adjustments or suggestions are always made to well-known theories. Arguments are constantly being made as to which theory is better, and what theory is best used for town planning. Every planning agency is different and may use different theories to back up their ways of doing business. Study Purpose In this study, the theories of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process will be presented, especially in regards to city planning. These theories will be compared to each other and their significance to the ADA Light Rail Planning Project will be examined. It will be argued that the Light Rail Planning Project was, initially, a rational planning process but took a turn to incremental planning with the influence of politicization. It will also be argued that rational planning and incremental planning are insufficient in themselves as methods to fully approach town planning as politicization plays a larger role. Results Rational Planning Theory Rational planning theory was first conceptualized as a specific form of planning in the Chicago School in the 1940s and 1950s. This was a program offered at the University of Chicago that came about after the Great Depression and WWII with the aim to better plan the economy. This program, which lasted only nine years, was enormously influential in setting the direction of planning theory. Rational planning was introduced to city planning in the 1960s. The incorporation into town planning came about due to a transition in thought: Town development was now regarded as a science rather than an art (Allmendinger, 2009). Despite its critics, rational planning has remained the most widely used planning theory for approximately 50 years. It remains a major foundation of planning school curricula, and has spawned the primary language planners use in methodological discussion (Baum, 1996; Dalton, 1986). Rational planning is a procedural theory that focuses on the process of planning rather than on an object or end goal (Faludi, 1973). According to Nigel Taylor, the author of Urban Planning Theory Since 1945, rational planning is the best method, or process, of doing planning, (1998, p. 66) He goes on to say that a rational decision is one that has persuasive reasoning (reasons can be persuasive if they are based on factual knowledge e.g., the knowledge has been gained based on a valid study). He argues that not every reason is persuasive; however, rational planning is designed to produce reasons that are persuasive. Taylor presented the fact that reasons can sometimes be persuasive for one group and not another. If reasons are persuasive based on individual values or group values, they are not necessarily persuasive in terms of science or for an entire community. This draws the conclusion that rational planning does not provide straight-forward formulaic answers to any given questio n. However, the rational process of planning does try to achieve unbiased, persuasive reasoning for any given problem (Taylor, 1998). Since societies are made up of many people and all with different views, it is logical to think that decisions affecting large groups of people should be unbiased. Therefore, according to Karl Mannheim, a planner reflecting the ideals of social historian and economist Max Weber, planning should be objective (Allmendinger, 2009). This can be achieved by thinking rationally and focusing on the best method for reaching a decision. Rationalists are seen as those who have logical reasons for their views or decisions based on facts rather than emotions or values (ibid). It only makes sense that if decision-makers seek a rational decision they should follow a process that is rational. To successfully achieve rational planning, there are steps that must be followed (Taylor, 1998). First off, a problem must be defined. Second, there needs to be identification of alternative options to solve this problem. Third, there must be detailed evaluation of each alternative. The fourth step is to implement the best alternative, and the fifth step is to monitor the effects of the chosen alternative. Rational planning does not end with the fifth step. Rational planning takes into consideration new problems arising or the fact that the initial problem or goal was not actually reached with the pre-determined best alternative. Therefore, rational planning may loop back to any step at any time as it is a continuous process (ibid). Rational planning is systematic by nature. Just as rational planning does not have any criteria for concluding whether reasoning is persuasive or not in terms of the whole, the theory of rational planning is not perfect in regards to city planning. Rational planning was designed as a scientific way to approach planning (Faludi, 1973). The problem is that city planning is not a natural science. Town planning is a social problem; social issues are never solved but only resolved time and time again. There isnt an exact formula to answer the problems of town planning. Furthermore, social problems have no clear-cut indication of when adequate understanding has been reached since understanding for a social problem has no exact scientific criteria to be judged by. This indicates that town planners can always try to do better, as there is no clear-cut stopping point for any planning process (Rittel Webber, 1973, p.8). Rational vs. Disjointed-incrementalist Planning Charles Lindblom, a well-known critic of rational planning theory, disagrees with radical decision-making and believes that any decision made should be closely related to the policies that are currently in place. He proposed a theory of planning referred to as disjointed-incrementalism. Lindblom argues that disjointed-incremental planning is best for real-world situations (Allmendinger, 2009). He proposed some simple steps for incremental planning: Limit the analysis of alternatives to a few familiar options, focus on the problems rather than end-goals, and learn through trial and error (ibid). Lindblom wants to keep planning and implementation simple: An easy goal is established, and the alternatives considered are based on past experiences and values (Lindblom, 1959). Lindblom has one major criticism of rational planning. According to Lindblom, planning cannot be rational if it is not comprehensive, and planning cannot be comprehensive because planners lack the ability to fully absorb all information related to the process (Lindblom, 1959). At first, many may agree that if rational planning is not fully comprehensive then it cannot be rational. However, Nigel Taylor offers an example to argue differently. He depicts a story of a man with a gun at his head. This situation does not allow ample time to consider all options and therefore cannot be comprehensive. Yet, the man quickly goes over all options readily available to him and makes the best decision he can with that knowledge. Under the circumstances, that decision is still considered rational (1998). A rational decision can be made after considering all alternatives available to the planner at the time (Banfield Meyerson, 1955 cited by Allmendinger, 2009). What is learned from this is that a plan or a process can be rational without being comprehensive. Faludi (1973) also offers criticism of Lindbloms theory. He criticizes the fact that incrementalism only offers limited alternatives for any given issue. Faludi says that incrementalism goes against making rational choices that affect a large number of people such as a community. He also disapproves of the fact that Lindblom proposes to make plans that are satisfying to one group of people that have the most influence in the community whether or not they are the majority (ibid). Like rational planning, incrementalism still poses problems in relation to city planning. A key aspect to incrementalism is learning through trial and error. However, in town planning, there isnt an easy way to learn through trial-and-error. Its not easy to implement a highway and then take it out if it proves to be an insufficient response to the issue. Furthermore, if putting in a highway was the chosen alternative for an issue, and it did not resolve that issue, a new complication is created (Rittel Webber, 1973). Each and every public policy is unique in and of itself. It may be possible to take other towns and policies for example, but each problem will be different; therefore, each implementation will result in a different scenario. What works for one town may not work for another. It seems as if this trial-and-error suggestion does not entirely work for city planning; thus, the theory of incrementalism does not fully encompass all issues related to town planning. There is a link between rational planning and incremental planning. Faludi proposes that planning is usually somewhere between disjointed-incrementalist and rational-comprehensive. Planning agencies move more towards rational comprehensiveness but of course can never be fully comprehensive, only rational at best. Therefore the plan is somewhat still incremental and lies between the two extremes (Faludi, 1973). Like the man with a gun at his head, in some situations it is rational to quickly go over alternatives to any issue. At times, this may even be disjointed or incremental. Therefore, the suggestion that rational planning and incremental planning are completely different theories of planning is not entirely accurate. It is possible to have a combination of both theories in one plan (Taylor, 1998). Rational and Incremental Planning vs. Planning as a Political Process Thus far, city planning has been analyzed in comparison to the theories of rational planning and incrementalism. It seems these two theories lack a huge component for town planning: Politicization. However, city planning being considered political is not new (Taylor, 1998). The main problem with the rational planning theory in regards to town planning is the disregard in reference to politicization (ibid). Incrementalists acknowledge some of the roles politics play in city planning, but it seems as if their views are a little nave when it comes to the balance of power affecting this (Allmendinger, 2009). When it comes to town planning, decision-making is affected more by the power of politics rather than by rationality or even incrementalism. This is largely to do with the amount of people city planning affects and the different values or interests these people have. [S]ince town planning action can significantly affect the lives of large numbers of people, and since different individuals and groups may hold different views about how the environment should be planned, based on different values and interests, it is therefore also a political activity. The planning theorists in the 1960s who saw planning as a science therefore misconceived the very activity they were seeking to describe (Taylor, 1998, p. 83). It is not only the number of people affected but the power of certain groups and their political influence which plays into the decisions made, especially in city planning. Norton Long, an American planning theorist, words it quite well: The question is not whether planning will reflect politics but whose politics it will reflect. What values and whose values will planners seek to implement?[P]lans are in reality political programs. In the broadest sense they represent political philosophies, ways of implementing differing conceptions of the good life. (1959, p.168). Charles Hoch, an experienced author on the subject of planning theory, agrees with this. He says that the complexity of city planning is due to the social and environmental factors and is greatly determined by the players involved. Hoch says that the players motives always change, and that further complicates the politics of city planning (2009). In fact, public policy is hardly ever implemented due to planning authority alone; it relies on other actors to support the decision as well. Of course, these actors dont always hold the same position as the planners or policy-makers (Pressman Wildavsky, 1973 cited by Taylor, 1998). Therefore, the assumption can be made that social problems like city planning are political in nature, not scientific (Taylor, 1998). Rational planning and incremental planning are inadequate in themselves to successfully complete a town planning project all the way through implementation. They are hindered by political influence as well as ethical issues (Guba Lincoln, 1989 cited by Hostovsky, 2005). Using rational planning for public policy creates deceptive expectations for what knowledge is really required to turn those plans into action; it doesnt recognize politicization, the largest factor in implementation (Hoch, 2009). However, incrementalists hold belief in pluralism: The power of putting initiatives into motion does not necessarily come from the person in the highest ranking position but rather it is affected by groups who hold special interest and power (Merelman, 2004). They do acknowledge some of the roles politics play in planning. They realize that government doesnt necessarily mean those directly in position but rather government is a collection of groups that have their own special interests (Faludi, 1973). It seems as if incrementalism is a step closer to embracing the full scope of city planning than rational planning due to this acknowledgement. With politicization playing such a large role in town planning, theorists have suggested that planners stop being completely objective and become more involved with the entire process (Long, 1959). Planners should be technical in the formulation of plans, but should be advocates for the alternative deemed as the best option. City planning calls for debate of many social and political issues and should be kept in view of the public (Davidoff Reiner, 1962 cited by Taylor, 1998). Taylor says that in order for a plan to be effectively implemented, planners need to identify lead actors that play a role in the implementation and persuade them to fulfill the objectives of the planning authority (1998). It seems planners can no longer rest in the assurance that their plan was carefully carried out. They now have to worry about other contributing factors outside of planning to ensure implementation. Rational planners and decision-makers hope that their government will do what is in the best interest of the community (Faludi, 1973), but that is not always the case. In comparison, it seems that incrementalists realize their plans wont be implemented if they dont have the support of actors who have strong political power, so they gear their plans towards pleasing these players. They are not advocates for a plan they think is best, but rather they try to make their plans to please those in power. This leads to the issue of what political involvement should imply. In a society, especially a democratic one, something of political nature should imply the participation of the public (Taylor, 1998). It makes sense that those most affected by any town plan should have a say in the decision-making. Based on these three aspects of planning theory, it seems that city planning should aim to be somewhere between incremental and rational while considering input from the public and keeping their best interest in mind. Planning should be objective and unbiased but keep in mind the limitations that plans may face at the implementation phase in regards to politicization and special interest groups that hold lots of power (ibid). If a plan goes against the desires of those in power, planners should be advocates for what they think is best for the community while keeping in mind that they cant impose their ideas of what is right or wrong (ibid.). Planning Theory Applied to Case Study Alrriyadh Development Authority Project Background In the summer of 2002, a team was selected by the Transportation Planning Unit at Alrriyadh Development Authority (ADA) to work on a project to find the best solution to resolving the congestion problem in Riyadh (I was part of this team). The traffic congestion posed destruction of Riyadhs living system. Riyadh is the capital city of Saudi Arabia and has over 5 million residents. It doubles in size every ten years and is the fastest growing capital worldwide. It is forecasted there would be 15 million car trips a day by 2021 in Riyadh (City without Limits, 2002). After examining alternatives, which will be elaborated on below, the planning authority dubbed the project: Light Rail Planning Project. The following is an examination of the Light Rail Project in reference to rational and incremental planning as well as planning as a political process. The Planning Theory of the Light Rail Planning Project The ADA relies on rational planning for the majority of its projects. In reference to the Light Rail Planning Project, the ADA made sure the team was fully knowledgeable in rational planning. This was accomplished by bringing a professor of technical planning from Berkeley, California to give training workshops for five months. This allowed the members to be knowledgeable in rational planning in direct regards to city planning. It seems as if the ADA followed the rational process of planning in the first few steps of planning. They first identified the problem, which was the congestion of Saudi Arabias capital city, Riyadh. Following the identification of the problem, the team came up with alternatives to the problem. The alternatives considered were widening some main roads, creating an effective public transportation system with buses, and installing a light rail system. These are not all options that could have been considered, but they were pre-determined to be the best alternatives collectively. This form of rational planning is not comprehensive but still seems to be rational as it made use of the best available options available to them (Banfield Meyerson, 1955 cited by Allmendinger, 2009). This step also seems to be incremental as there were only a few alternatives chosen. However, the alternative for the light rail system was not closely related to the current system, and therefore seems to be bas ed on more rational thought than incremental as Lindblom (1959) would not suggest an alternative that required much deviation from the current system. In reference to these issues, it seems that this step was somewhere between rational and incremental as Faludi (1973) pointed out most plans are. The third step in the rational planning process is to evaluate alternatives against each other. To make sure this and the following steps were accurate, multiple resources were used including inviting an expert from GTZ, a big consultation company in Germany, to help with developing alternatives and analyzing them. The team was also sent to Berkeley, University of California to spend five months learning technical skills, information analysis and how to make alternative planning evaluations. Using the skills learned from Berkely and GTZ, alternatives were evaluated in detail. Planners went to the residents of Riyadh and asked if they would use the new alternatives. In fact, this is the first planning project in Riyadh that included input from women. This input was of major importance as the women in Riyadh make up the majority of the population. In regards to the light rail system, if women would not use it then it would surely fail. In the end, the women reported that they would use the light rail system if it was implemented. After many more studies and evaluation, the light rail system turned out to be the best alternative environmentally, socially, and economically. This showed the light rail system to be the best alternative by far as there were only those three categories to be weighed. In the evaluation step of ADAs traffic congestion project, it seems that the process of rational planning was completed. Then again, evaluating alternatives is also suggested as part of incremental planning, so this step shares a little of each theory. However, this phase proved to be more comprehensive than any other step. In considering each alternative, it seems that the ADA planners made every effort in evaluating every aspect. They even interviewed women, which had never before been done in Riyadh. On the other hand, this step did not take into consideration any political views that would influence the implementation of the chosen alternative. To be truly comprehensive, all views would have to be taken into consideration as part of fully understanding the issue. Nevertheless, planning theorists have constantly pointed out the rational planners lack of consideration towards politicization. Consequently, it seems that this step of planning was somewhere in between rational-compreh ensive and incremental. Strictly incremental planning would have acknowledged political actors in the implementation of the light rail system and probably would have not considered that option from the beginning. Hypothetically, if it had, it would have been eliminated after considering the desires of the groups in power of the city of Riyadh. Before the fourth step, implementation of the light rail system, was undertaken, the planning team was sent to various workshops with road authorities, engineers, and city planners from all over the world. They were taught operation management, maintenance, and how to run a light rail system in these workshops. They were also sent to a total of eight cities and spent two weeks in each city in order to evaluate their light rail systems. These cities were Stockholm, Sweden; Toronto, Canada; Tokyo, Japan; Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; and Sydney, Australia. Various observations were made in each city, such as Sweden had a very organized and well-planned light rail system, and Tokyo had amazing light rail management. All considerations were taken into account as they prepared the proposal to the CEO of ADA. They had plans to implement and follow through with evaluation afterwards. With all the planning and extensive research that went into the Alrriyadh Development Authoritys project of the light rail system, it is clear that a rational process of planning was being attempted. The team had planned to complete the five steps of rational planning from the beginning of the project. The first three steps were followed to the best of their abilities, although there is a combination of rational and incremental planning. The planning was objective due to the fact that it would affect a large group of people as suggested by Karl Mannheim (the planners even sought advice from women) (Taylor, 1998). It was procedural as Faludi (1973) says planning should be (following pre-determined steps for each phase of planning), and it produced persuasive reasons as they were based on a valid study as suggested by Nigel Taylor (experts allowed the team to conduct valid studies) (1998). When the team presented their findings to the CEO of ADA, he told them to stop the planning after already completing seven years of the process. He admitted to them that he was convinced that the light rail system was the best solution. However, he said there was something behind the scenes that played a part. The CEO proposed to widen some main roads, which he claimed was an incremental approach to planning. Widening the roads is a more incremental approach in this situation and seems to be less rational as the facts from the study were mostly ignored. This alternative also appears incremental as the CEO suggests there is influence behind the scenes that has contributed to his decision. There is the suggestion that politics influenced the CEOs ultimate decision to widen the road. Speculations can be made that the CEO was afraid to lose his job if the project failed at the cost of $9billion when the council of ministers were the ones allocating the money for the project. He may have been concerned that the council would disprove of his decision. There is also the assumption that the CEO was under pressure from the religious leaders in Riyadh who did not agree with mixing men and women, which would happen with the completion of the light rail system. Furthermore, it seems likely that the CEO was influenced by the oil companies as they would not want people to stop driving cars at the risk of oil prices dropping. All of these reasons involve powerful parties that hold political interest in public policy. These groups have tremendous influence in Riyadh, and it is speculated that their influence contributed to the incremental switch in planning during the Light Rail Planning Project. After the CEO made his decision to widen the roads, the team members became upset. They realized that there was political influence involved. They very strongly wanted the light rail system implemented as they worked seven years on rational planning to make sure it was the best alternative. At this point, some of the team members decided to take some action to persuade the CEO that implementing the light rail system would be the best alternative. They became advocates for their cause as some theorists suggest planners should do (Long, 1959). With some convincing, the CEO agreed to leave space for the light rail system and reconsider it in 2020. This step was much more incremental as it would give time to evaluate the effect of widening the roads on Riyadh. Furthermore, having already made the space to put the light rail system in, if the CEO agreed to implement it in 2020, it would not be too far from the current system. This step also proved to be political as the team members devia ted from their plan to speak out about their proposed resolution. They realized that simply presenting a rational plan would not necessarily grant them the resolution they prescribed. Here it seems that the rational planning led them to consider incremental planning after addressing the politicization of the issue. With this huge political influence, the issue of public participation arises. If a social issue is to be resolved, it would make sense for those affected by this matter to play a part in the decision-making. In the case of the Light Rail Planning Project, city members did contribute to the study. They reported that they would be happy with the light rail system and would make use of it. However, their opinions were disregarded by the CEO as he was concerned with something other than the majority of the public. As Sherry Arnstein wrote in an article, participation without redistribution of power is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless. It allows the power-holders to claim that all sides were considered, but makes it possible for only some of those sides to benefit, (1969, p. 216). With the decision to widen the roads, it is not completely clear who benefitted most, although there are the possibilities of the oil companies, the religious leaders, and the CEO himself. Mayb e these parties did not necessarily benefit from the widening of the roads, but they likely didnt lose anything as the implementation of the light rail system implies they would have. The planners tried to come up with an alternative that would best solve the traffic congestion in Riyadh and benefit the public, but they were unable to complete their process as they did not anticipate the power of politics in their planning. The powerless that Arnstein refers to in her article seem to be the planners as well as the majority of residents in Riyadh in this particular plan. Despite majority input and studies that showed the light rail system was the best solution environmentally, economically and socially, it was not implemented. However, when the planners finally became advocates for their cause and appealed to the nature of politics while abandoning simple rational planning, they seemed to make some progress. This shows how seemingly ineffective rational planning theory is singularly in regards to city planning. It appears that rational planning would only be effective in regards to public policy if it acquired use of other theories as well as politicization. Lessons Learned In examining this case study, it appears that plans are often made but the deciders dont necessarily take actions that reflect those proposed by the plan (Taylor, 1998). Rationalists cannot assume that their plans will be implemented if they have not put thought into the support from other key players; implementation of town plans often requires the support and cooperation from a group that holds power in the community. Plans can be aborted or changed if there is no support from those who hold political power (ibid.). Incrementalists have a better understanding of town planning. The proposals of incrementalism suggest better application for real-world situations as they acknowledge the troubles faced during implementation. More specifically, incrementalists recognize that certain groups hold political interest in city planning, and they do not ignore this (ibid). Based on this case study and professional planning theorists knowledge, a connection between rational planning, incrementa l planning, and politics as a process of planning is seen in city planning. Conclusion From the examination of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process, the Light Rail Planning Project was able to be analyzed against these theories. Multiple planning theorists have suggested that rational and incremental planning are not completely separate theories. They suggest that the theories often intertwine in town planning. As seen from the case study of the ADA Light Rail Planning Project, it seems these theorists were correct. City planning is a complicated process as it is based around social issues rather than completely scientific ones. To claim that a planning process must be either completely incremental or rational does not seem to be accurate against these findings. Furthermore, in ignoring the role of politicization in town planning, it will likely lead to the unsuccessful implementation of plans. As planning theorists and this case study propose, politics play a major role in city planning. The conclusion can be made that town plan ning encompasses many planning theories, and politics have an important part to play in the completion of any town plan regardless of the planning process. References: Allmendinger, P. ( 2009). Planning Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Arns

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- Germany History Bonaparte essays

Napoleon Bonaparte The ideas of modern war can lead back to the 18th century during a certain campaign by a French military leader. This military leader was named Napoleon Bonaparte. He started a campaign against Western Europe that defined war and his strategies echoed throughout time up until the Second World War. His strategic plans were legendary up until his biggest mistake, which was invading Russia during its winter during the battles in the Waterloo Campaign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you can get into how he became a military genius you have breakdown how is life really was before his military career began. Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15th 1769 to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and political opportunist, and his wife, Marie-Letizia Buonaparte. The Buonaparte's were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, although when compared to the great aristocracies of France Napoleon's kin were poor and pretentious. Due to his parents connections he was able to enter the Military academy in Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian Ecole Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant in the Artillery. When the civil war broke out the Buonaparte’s fled to France and adopted the French version of their name Bonaparte. When the political situation in France flipped around, Napoleon was tried for treason, but if not for his roots in politics, he would have been executed but his families connection s saved him from death. In 1795 Napoleon became a hero again and helped fight the revolutionary forces off. As a result of that, he grew to be one of the most respected military leaders in France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1796 Napoleon was given control of an Italian army which helped defeat Austria. After that campaign he returned to France as a bigger hero than he originally was, but had to leave in 1798 to Egypt and Syria in order to threaten England’s imperialistic rule in Africa. Napoleon and his army returned in the August of 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, finishing as a member of the Consulate, France's new ruling triumvirate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Novel by Robert M. Epstein, his military background was identified and how he planned his attacks were broken down so that the average person could understand them. He was the individual who introduced the ideas of modern warfare to the global affairs. The de... ...w warfare. Also since there was a new air force being used, there had to be certain precautionary measures to be taken in order to thwart off the planes, thus the birth of flak cannons. These shot shards of metal not the sky to shoot down the planes. Finally the most important piece of technology that was introduced in World War Two was the Hydrogen and Atomic Bombs; which were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. These two pieces of weaponry ended World War Two in the pacific front and in the world. Having Technology is was makes your Militaries, Navies, and Air forces modern, a strong battle plan is a great thing to have but that doesn’t make warfare modern. This is what gave certain forces the advantage over their opponents. Weaponry kills people, not the plans themselves. To have a significant advantage over your opponent is what conquering is all about, and that is what new advancements did. Even though Napoleon was a military genius and developed new theories on war, they didn’t make war fare modern, technology did. Bibliography Napoleon's Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War, Epstein, Robert M. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: University P of Kansas, June.

Review of These United States: The Questions of Our Past Essay

Review of These United States: The Questions of Our Past The textbook I am reviewing is These United States: The Questions of Our Past, by Irwin Unger with the historical portraits and documents by Debi Unger, Prentice Hall publishing with last publication date being 1995. This text is written by one single author and not by a committee. This is the sixth edition of this book so the author has made significant changes to its historical context and the general styling of the book. His focus was to address not only the "political, diplomatic, and military events" but also "social, cultural, and economic events and currents" (Irwin Unger, preface xiv). He attempts to include all human aspects of these events by integrating women and men of all culture, race, religion, economic stature, and age. The text is set up chronologically separated by individual chapters, the chapters are not grouped together to form one specific unit. At the beginning of each chapter it has the title, a timeline of events for that period and then a question. The purpose of the question is to get the students to think about it as they read the chapter, encouraging them to engage in active thinking as they read. Some of the questions ask for a decisive answer, such as was this event a failure or a success, hoping to receive conflicting answers at the end. Others simply question why were things they were and why would people feel this way. I feel these questions are effective in encouraging students to think outside of the way the information is being presented to them. There does not seem to be a correct answer for any of them, which then eliminates a certain bias. It forces the students to think in an historical perspective rather than thei... ... in a religious or political bias, but more one of his personal admiration or distaste for certain historical figures. He often times uses superfluous adjectives to make a certain event seem more dramatic and emotional, not to the extent that it hinders the information, but is still obvious to the reader. Overall I was impressed with this text. It was difficult for me to find an inaccurate historical event because I found myself learning about topics I had never heard of before. His ability to incorporate the little picture with the big made for informative chapters, with more context than an ordinary textbook would have. Compared to other textbooks I have encountered, this one addresses facts, stories, the "little people" and diversity in a way that none is more important than the other and encourages us to criticize and also appreciate the United States.

Composting Essay -- Environment, Waste

Composting process as a means of bioremediating the harmful waste can be assessed in terms of its hygienic aspect since the effect of its quality is indicative of its essentiality and feasibility in the environment. Hygienic relevance of composting is primarily related to the microbes functioning as composters, the dust aerosols in the ambient air of the compost pile, and the type, concentration and state of the waste to be degraded. In terms of its hygienic feature, the compost may pose threat to human health as it generates immune response in living systems possibly triggered by leftover microbes, dust and target compounds to be treated in the compost matter. Although many of the toxins and pathogens are diminished to a great number, the presence of pathogens in the compost might be able to contaminate the food chain as plants get into contact with it. Composting is an acknowledged pathogen reducing technique, but certainly not an eradication system. Also the management of the pr ocess and heterogeneous pile conditions in compost may pose particular challenge concerning the biosafety of this process. Composting has been successfully adopted but enough biological research is lacking on the biosecurity of this process. Accordingly regarding the microbial profile of the compost, the experimental studies and characterization of microbes with respect to hygienic relevance by various scientists are discussed and reviewed as under. Introduction Composting is the process of biodegrading the waste material in which an enormous number of materials like hydrocarbons, nitrogenous compounds, acids, their derivatives and even other organic and inorganic substances can be remediated from the environment (Finstein et al., 1986). Compost pro... ... Studies have shown that the presence of pathogens in a final compost may contaminate the food chain with the incomplete compost product provoking the growth of pathogenic microbes or keeping them alive and vigorous. Most notably, human pathogens like Aeromonas, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, Enterococcus faecalis, Geotrichum candidum, GeoBacillus stearothermophilus, G. thermoglucosidasi, Klebsiella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas, Saccharomonospora and Saccharopolyspora, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Thermoactinomyces, Thermobifida, and Bacillus sp. being thermophilic and sporulating species still persist in a variety of compost. Studies are going on to give a better and ultimate solution view on the parameters for the eradication of various pathogenic strains activated or evolved during the process of composting.

Competency Statement III Complete Essay

To support social and emotional development and to provide positive guidance. SELF I will support each child’s social and emotional development and provide positive guidance to teach them to learn their own self-worth and self-value: By using positive reinforcement to build up each child’s self-esteem By giving pats on the back and hugs to comfort and help each child feel emotionally secure By making sure I am always pleasant and smiling at the children during times of play or teaching, making them feel of value By loving each child and never allowing partiality, I will teach them their value as individuals I believe that every person/child deserves the right to have self-esteem; I believe that this leads us to become much more stable emotionally and socially. I will achieve this by treating each child with respect; listening to each as an individual, taking their feelings seriously, and including each child as a valuable person during group times. My goal is to have a positive attitude at all times, so that I can be an example by my actions. SOCIAL I will support the social and emotional development and provide positive guidance to each child, by giving them the tools they need to develop their social psyche to become productive citizens: By using self-control at all times, I will teach each child appropriate behavior By listening to and respecting all of the children and adults in our environment, I will teach each child to listen to others By modeling  appropriate emotional skills in showing genuine concern for the well-being of others, I will teach each child empathy and forgiveness As teachers of young children, we must help each child in their social development. Part of achieving this goal is to make sure the children interact with each of the other throughout the day; I will achieve this by planning activities where the children can mingle and have different friends at each station. I will also make sure that everyone participates in whole class games and other fun activities that promote teamwork. I will make sure that I am a good example by communicating and being friendly with each child’s parent/care-giver. GUIDANCE I will support the social and emotional development and provide positive guidance by educating children in learning how to make decisions that lead to self-control and self-discipline: By giving positive encouragement for each endeavor, I will encourage them to succeed By demonstrating how to perform a skill with slow and simple directions, I will teach them that they can do anything By being alert to the needs of each child, I can ensure that each child learns to be independent I will use kind body language to direct a child towards the desired behavior I will provide assistance geared towards helping each child reach their full potential. I will work with other staff and parents to set goals for each child. I believe that persistent positive guidance will help each child reach their desired outcomes. Training up children in learning how to navigate life. CSIIIa: I support the development of a child’s positive self-concept and growing social/emotional skills by making sure they feel safe and loved. In giving value to each child’s opinion and by listening to their concerns, they will feel self-worth and be better equipped to value someone else’s opinion; then I gently guide them to understand why a rule must be followed, teaching  compliance. I use consistency in my requirements, which provides them with specific boundaries and teaches them self-control because they understand the consequence of self-actions. Knowing that they are valued helps their self-concept to bloom, and leads to self-confidence and self-worth. A child who feels accepted and loved can slowly learn the social and emotional skills they need. CSIIIb: My philosophy in guiding a young child’s positive behavior is to be a friendly positive influence, giving them lots of love and understanding. I believe that positive reinforcement leads to better behavior in a child; they desire to please the care-giver who makes them feel wanted and valued. My mother guided me this way as a child, and I have used it in my work with children with great success. In several cases where a child, in my care, has repeated challenging behavior, I learned to ignore that behavior, but give attention for good behavior; these children respond to the positive reinforcement and become my helper and learn to improve their social skills.

Coffee shop business plan Essay

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Inspirational Grounds will provide a relaxing, Christian-focused, neighborhood-centered place with freshly roasted coffee, specialty drinks, good books, and music. Inspirational Grounds is the answer to an increasing demand. Our target market wants: Neighborhood businesses in South Central Minneapolis Great coffee at a competitive price A comfortable place to socialize with others with similar interests Inspirational Grounds’ goal is to provide the community with a social, entertaining atmosphere where Christian neighbors can meet each other in a neutral, non-denominational setting. Inspirational Grounds is incorporated as an S corporation. This will shield the owner from issues of personal liability and double taxation. This proposal is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $80,000. The supplemental financing is required to prepare the selected site, purchase equipment, and cover expenses during the first year of operation. The owner will invest $15,000 of her own into the business. This financing will allow Inspirational Grounds to successfully open and maintain operations. The large initial capital investment will allow  Inspirational Grounds to provide its customers with an inviting atmosphere and quality products. A unique, upscale and innovative environment is required to provide customers with an atmosphere that will create socialization. Successful operation in year one will provide Inspirational Grounds with a customer base that will allow it to be self sufficient in year two. Even with our conservative sales forecast, we will maintain a positive cash flow in all months, repay the loan in 12 years, and have a positive net worth over $27,000 by year three. We project that our net profits will increase from $12,000 to over $14,000 over the next three years. CHART: HIGHLIGHTS 1.1 OBJECTIVES Inspirational Grounds’ objectives for the first three years of operation include: The creation of a unique, upscale, innovative spiritual environment that will differentiate Inspirational Grounds from local coffee shops. To make Inspirational Grounds the destination for quality coffee in a welcoming atmosphere for people who are serious about their coffee and growing in their spirituality. The formation of an environment that will bring people with diverse backgrounds and interests together in a common forum. To be an active and vocal member of the community, and to provide continual re-investment through participation in community activities and financial contributions. Consistently providing excellent specialty beverages, bakery items, inspirational books, and music. 1.2 KEYS TO SUCCESS The keys to the success for Inspirational Grounds are: The creation of a unique, innovative, upscale atmosphere that will differentiate Inspirational Grounds from other local coffee shops and future coffee shops. Fresh Coffee roasted on-site daily will give customers a unique experience as well as excellent product. Selling beverages and products that are of the highest quality. The creation of an environment that won’t intimidate the spiritual seeker. Inspirational Grounds will position itself as an educational resource for individuals wishing to learn about the benefits of growing spiritually. The establishment of Inspirational Grounds as a community hub for socialization and entertainment. Encourage the two most important values in Christianity: love and service. 1.3 MISSION As people are becoming more interested in their spiritual side, a neighborhood shop with excellent freshly roasted coffee and non-denominational Christian books and tapes, is a welcomed alternative and/or addition to the local church. Inspirational Grounds is a specialty beverage establishment focused on providing freshly roasted coffee beans, coffee/espresso drinks and information to enhance our customers’ spiritual experience. We also understand that coffee drinkers interested in growing spiritually want a destination, not just a location;we provide them with the best of both. Our goal is to be the destination for Christian coffee drinkers seeking a non-secular environment in the Twin Cities area. People of all ages and backgrounds will come to enjoy the unique upscale, educational, motivational and innovative environment that Inspirational Grounds provides. We believe it is important to remain an active member of the community and to impact our customers’ lives in more ways than the selling of specialty drinks. 2.0 COMPANY SUMMARY Inspirational Grounds, Minneapolis’ South Central area, will offer great specialty beverages and easy access to exciting spiritual information. Inspirational Grounds sells quality products and provides excellent customer service for coffee lovers and persons looking to enhance their spiritual experience. We are looking to lease a retail store which we will use to market and merchandise our products. The company took its name in July 2002, and organized as an S Corporation in October, 2003. Our book and music selection and helpful staff will appeal to the audience that is seeking to grow and learn spiritually in this age of uncertainty. This invigorating aspect will attract younger and elderly members alike who are gaining interest in their spiritual condition. The central location will provide easy access from most points of origin throughout the Twin City area for those who will recognize Inspirational Grounds as a destination point, as well as provide local community residents with convenient access to freshly roasted coffee. 2.1 COMPANY OWNERSHIP Inspirational Grounds is incorporated as an S corporation. This will shield the owner Regina Brown from issues of personal liability and double taxation. The Corporation was formed in October of 2003. 2.2 COMPANY LOCATIONS AND FACILITIES The site, Midtown Commons (Also known as the Sears Project), is located in South Central Minneapolis. The initial space is approximately 2,000 square feet and has ample space for the first three years of growth. The complex has ample parking and significant foot traffic from Allina Healthcare Office Facility. This area was chosen for various reasons, including: Proximity to other areas within the Twin Cities; Central location easily accessed. Proximity to the Lyn/Lake and Uptown areas. High Visibility. Proximity to the many local churches in South Central Minneapolis. Diverse population within the community. Desire for South Central Businesses. Scarcity of other coffee houses in the area. Proximity to the light rail depot and 12th Precinct of the Minneapolis police. All of these qualities are consistent with Inspirational Grounds’ goal of providing a community hub for socialization and entertainment. 2.3 START-UP SUMMARY Inspirational Grounds’ start-up costs will cover coffee, espresso, and specialty drink making equipment, micro-roasting equipment, training, site renovation and modification, capital for operating expenses in the first year, and the inventory necessary to provide customers with the information  needed to grow. A large portion of our start-up requirements will go towards the purchase of specialty drink equipment from Espresso Services, Inc. Our long-term assets will include: One espresso machine One micro-roasting system an Espresso grinder/doser water filtration system Expensed equipment includes: A Bulk grinder for drip coffee Single airpot brewer Smoothie blender Minor additional equipment Additionally, we need funding for initial inventory, both for the coffee shop side of things and the other specialty merchandise, books, and music. Music items will be purchased from Provident Music, Diamante Music Group, and New Day Christian Distributors among others. Books and other inspirational material will be purchased from Bridge-Logos Publishers, KCM, Bethany House Distributors, and others. The site Inspirational Grounds chooses will require funds for renovation and modification. A single estimated figure will be allocated for this purpose. The renovation/modification cost estimate will include the costs associated with preparing the site for opening business.

Physiological Disorders Essay

In this assignment I will be looking at the nature of two named physiological disorders. I will explain its sign and symptoms and access possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. The two physiological disorders are coronary heart disease and breast cancer. Coronary heart disease: Coronary heart disease is the build-up of plaque such as cholesterol and other fatty substances within the coronary arteries causing a reduced or no supply of oxygen to the heart. The process of plaque lining the coronary arteries is called arteriosclerosis. Coronary heart disease can be caused and triggered by many different factors. These include: Smoking; lifetime smoking roughly doubles your risk of developing heart disease because the chemicals in tobacco get into the bloodstream from the lungs and they damage the blood vessels and other parts of the body. It is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease; High blood pressure; the blood pressure can become dangerous the higher it gets. An increased of blood pressure is an increase of the force of blood against the walls of the arteries and the higher the blood pressure the higher the likelihood the walls of the arteries can become damaged. This can lead to stiffness of the arteries making them less flexible which can lead to the build-up of cholesterol, even after being used on cells the extra gets deposited inside the artery wall lining which can lead to atherosclerosis and this can occur from unhealthy diet intake. Your blood pressure and cholesterol level are also important. All people aged over 40 should have a cardiovascular health risk assessment’ usually available at your GP surgery. If you have a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, treatment to reduce high blood pressure (hypertension) and/or cholesterol may be advised. Physical activity like exercising helps reduce blood pressure and the likelihood of obesity; Diabetes, people with diabetes have the same risk of developing heart disease as a person who has had a heart attack but who doesn’t have diabetes; obesity, obese individuals are more likely to have high blood pressure, diabetes and high blood fats. If your blood vessel are narrow due to a build-up of atheroma or if the symptoms of coronary heart disease cannot be controlled using medication, surgery may be needed to open up or replace the blocked arteries in severe cases heart transplants may even be needed if the heart is too damaged to function after a serious  build-up of plaque or after a heart attack. Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the serious disorder that is very common amongst both men and women in today’s day and age. In the UK about 1 in 8 women develop breast cancer at some stage of their life and also it is the most common frequently investigated cancer in quality of life studies. The breasts and every other part of our body is made up of millions of individual cells normally they would function to multiply and grow in an orderly way the body has implicated, however in cancer this process goes wrong and dysfunctional cells begin to multiply rapidly and uncontrollably. It has not been proven why exactly the breast cancer is caused however there are many risk factors that are associated with breast cancer which if taken into consideration can help reduce the risk of the likelihood of getting breast cancer. Some of the risk factors: obesity and alcohol abuse; if a woman loses weight and limits alcohol intake, her risk of developing breast cancer may diminish; age, it is most common for women to develop breast cancer at an older age particularly women who have been through menopause and are over the age of 50; and some studies also have shown that diet and vitamins play a role in breast cancer risk the use of antiperspirants containing specific chemicals and environmental chemical use are also uncertain risk factors; previous breast cancer if you have previously has breast cancer you are at higher risk of obtaining and developing the disease again, this can be either in the same breast or in the other one; Alcohol, studies have showed that women who drink alcohol on a daily basis are more likely to develop diseases than those who do not drink at all. If you are concerned about a history of breast cancer in your family you should see GP and they will want to take a family history. Before seeing your GP it is a good idea to try to find out who in your family has been diagnosed with breast cancer at what age they were diagnosed ad their exact blood relationship to you. On the basis of the family history, it is usually possible for your GP to access your risk as either near-normal, moderate or high. If your risk is moderate or high then if you wish you may be referred to be a doctor who is specialist for further assessment and counselling. There are many treatments of breast cancer, the seriousness and the type of cancer will result in what type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is given to advanced stage of breast cancer. And it is a nurse role to educate the women receiving chemotherapy about the  names of drugs and they are administered and their side effects. P2- Explain the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders. Coronary heart disease The main symptom of coronary heart disease is angina. Angina is chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. It usually happens because the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed. This can be a mild, uncomfortable feeling similar to indigestion. However, a severe angina attack can cause a painful feeling of heaviness or tightness, usually in the centre of the chest which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach. It is often triggered by physical activity or stressful situations. Symptoms usually pass in less than 10 minutes and can be relieved by resting or using a nitrate tablet or spray. If your arteries become completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack. A heart attack can cause severe pain in the centre of your chest, which may feel like very bad digestion or you can have mild pain and feel unwell. Symptoms can happen suddenly but sometimes the pain can develop more slowly. Symptoms include: a feeling of heaviness, squeezing or crushing in the centre of your chest, feeling dizzy, feeling breathless and feeling sick or vomiting. The symptoms of a heart attack can be similar to indigestion. A heart attack can happen at any time, including while you are resting and if heart pains last longer than 15 minutes it may be the start of a heart attack. Unlike angina the symptoms of a heart attack are not usually relieved using a nitrate tablet or spray. Heart failure can also occur in people with coronary heart disease when the heart becomes weak to pump blood around the body which can cause fluid to build up in the lungs that makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. The most common signs and symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath or trouble breathing; fatigue; and swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, stomach and veins in the neck. All of these symptoms are the result of fluid build-up in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tire and short of breath after routine physical effort like climbing stairs. Breast cancer The usual first symptom is a painless lump in the breast. Most breast lumps are fluid-filled cysts or fibro adenomas which are benign. Benign neoplasms  are often the complication of fibrocystic hyperplasia and common in young women between 18-25 years and rare after the age of 50. However, you should always see a doctor if a lump develops as the breast lump may be cancerous. Other symptoms which may be noticed in the affected breast include: Changes in the size or shape of a breast Dimpling or thickening of some of the skin on a part of a breast The nipple becoming inverted (turning in) Rarely a discharger occurring from a nipple (which may be blood-stained) A rare type of breast cancer, causing a rash around the nipple, which can look similar to a small patch of eczema Rarely, pain in a breast. Pain is not a usual early symptom but many women develop painful breasts and this is not usually caused by cancer. P3- Describe the investigation that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders? Coronary Heart Disease require many tests and investigations before a diagnosis can be made such as electrocardiogram which is also known as (ECG) is one of the most widely used tests for detecting heart problems with the help of this that regulates the heart cycle of contraction and relaxation. A number of electrodes (small, sticky patches) put on your arms, legs and chest. It’s important to have an electrocardiogram as part of an initial evaluation for any individual who is suspected of or diagnosed with coronary heart disease the test is likely to be repeated periodically to find out the occurrence of heart examinations. In some cases you may have an exercise ECG test or stress test; this is when an ECG recording is taken while you are exercising. If you experience pain while exercising, the test can help identify whether your symptoms are caused by angina which is usually due to CHD. Blood tests pick up abnormalities that influence how well the heart working e.g. they can detect raised levels of cholesterol, which may lead to CHD, abnormal levels of thyroid hormones which can affect the heart muscle cells are damaged in a heart attack. You may need to have a number of blood tests to monitor the activity of the heart; these may include cardiac enzyme tests which ca n show whether there has been recent damage to the heart muscle. An X-ray may be used to look at the heart, lungs and chest wall and this can help rule out any other conditions that may be causing your symptoms. If your doctor feels you are risk of CHD, they may carry out a  risk assessment. This involves asking about your medical and family history, your life style and blood test as I’ve already mentioned. If you have CHD you’re GP or practice nurse can tell you what your ideal weight is in relation to your build and height. Body mass index will be measured. You also need to regular exercise to make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure at a healthy level Breast Cancer has many investigations that take place before a diagnosis can be made such as a Biopsy is when a sample is taken of lump or abnormal area the biopsy sample is then analysed in a laboratory and the cells are examined this allows the doctors to see exactly what type of cancer it is and whether it’s likely to grow slowly or more quickly. There are many types of biopsies that can be used including core needle biopsy, blood tests and fine needle aspiration and excision biopsy. Scans can measure the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body or nearby this is called staging the cancer. Once the type and stage of the cancer is known the doctors can discuss with the individual how best to treat them. The different types of scans that can be used include ultrasounds, mammograms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); ultrasound is an imaging technique that used sound waves to create a picture of the breast tissue. It is generally used as a test to a mammogram an ultra sound is the best way to check whether the lump is a solid or filled with fluid a mammogram is one of the most important tools to diagnose breast cancer. It is a breast X-Ray which helps to detect breast cancer, even before there are any obvious signs and symptoms. In the UK, women between 50 and 70 are invited to have a mammogram every three years as part of a national breast screening programme. The procedure is very safe and it doesn’t make more than 20 minutes there is some discomfort and pain in the breasts when the breast is pressed on an upper and lower plate. MRI imaging technology used in the diagnosis of cancer unlike a mammogram that uses X-Rays to get the images of the breast, MRI use magnets and radio waves to create 3D images of the breast tissue. Sometimes a dye is injected in to the individuals arm cancer cells need a large amount of blood supply for their growth and the MRI shows where and whether the dye is concentrated in certain areas indicating cancer cells and the picture it appears as a white dark background. Having investigations for a breast problem can be a  worrying and stressful time. The staff in the clinic will know that you want results as soon as possible and your specialist may be able to tell you what they think the outcome might be. However, the results of all the investigations you’ve had are usually needed before you can be given more detailed information. The clinic will let you know how and when you’ll get your results. M1- Assess possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. There are many possible difficulties that can be involved in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and one of them is ECG. Even though an ECG is an important test for detecting heart problems it isn’t advisable to have an ECG done every year because there are two reasons for this. The first is that there isn’t yet evidence that routine screening actually improves long-term health outcomes. Secondly, ECGS provide too many false-positive tests, especially in women leading to unnecessary additional tests and too many false-negative tests which lead to missed abnormalities. However, this advice could change in the future depending on new evidence from the clinical trials. People who are older or out of shape have arthritis, lung disease, vascular disease or other medical conditions or those who cannot exercise enough to undergo the exercise tolerance test take a phar macologic stress test. In place of exercise patients are given medications that increase the hearts need for blood, allowing doctors to detect blockages that obstruct the supply of blood. However, the test is considered safe for most people. Problems that can be involved in the diagnosis of breast cancer can include many women finding having a mammography to be uncomfortable or even painful but this is normally just for a short time. However some women may find that the pain or soreness lasts for a few days. Mammograms can sometimes show an abnormal area in the breast that is later found not to be a cancer when further tests are carried out. This is known as a false-positive result. It takes a lot of time to get the results for further tests and it can be a very worrying time and some women may continue to feel anxious even after they’ve been told they don’t have breast cancer (negative result). About 1 in 10 women who have breast screening will have an abnormal result and be asked to go for further tests. The tests may include more mammograms, ultrasound scans or biopsies of the  breast tissue which can cause pain or scarring. Most of the women asked back for further tests won’t have breast cancer. 1 or 2 mammograms to be takes again for various reasons including the following; The x-ray picture is blurred and cannot be read by the doctor; there is some kind of equipment failure for example the machine that processes the x-ray films breasts down however this is very rare. The mammogram missed part of the breast and it needs to be retakes so that the whole breast can be seen. Although mammography is the most effective and reliable way of detecting breast cancer early, it is not always perfect. A breast cancer may not be detected by mammogram because some cancers are very difficult to see on the x-ray and the person reading the x-ray may miss the cancer. This will happen very rarely no matter how experienced the person reading the x-ray is. So, to reduce the risk of a cancer being missed all mammograms are looked at by two people. Reference http://www.patient.co.uk/health/preventing-cardiovascular-diseases http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Symptoms.aspx http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs.html http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/breast-awareness/referral-breast-clinic/mammogram-ultrasound-scan-core-biopsy-fna